What is included in the WHO PHSM Bibliographic Library
Eligibility criteria
The PHSM Bibliographic Library includes articles on Public Health and Social Measures for emergencies stemming from 23 priority diseases which is informed by the WHO publication, Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases, 2nd edition. The diseases considered are listed in Table 1.
| Table 1. List of diseases considered in the WHO PHSM Knowledge Hub |
|---|
| Lassa fever |
| Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever |
| Yellow fever |
| Chikungunya |
| Dengue fever |
| COVID-19 |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus |
| Ebola |
| Influenza pandemic |
| Seasonal influenza |
| Animal influenza |
| Mpox (monkeypox) |
| Zika |
| Malaria |
| Cholera |
| Plague |
| Leptospirosis |
| Meningococcal meningitis |
| Poliomyelitis |
| HIV |
| Tuberculosis |
| Hepatitis |
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) |
Public Health and Social Measures are defined as:
Non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by individuals, communities, governments and institutions at global, regional, national and community levels to protect the health and well-being of communities affected by health emergencies. PHSM reduce the risk and scale of transmission of infectious diseases by reducing transmission-relevant exposures and/or making them safer.
PHSM are categorized by five first-level categories based on the WHO PHSM conceptual framework.
| 1st level PHSM category | 2nd level PHSM category and High-level indicator |
|---|---|
| Active case finding and contact identification measures Systems and actions implemented to identify, track and manage potential and confirmed cases of disease. This may include case finding, testing and contact tracing as well as isolation (i.e., to separate individuals with a confirmed or suspected infection) and quarantine (i.e., to separate individuals with an increased risk of infection from those at risk of becoming infected). |
|
| Personal protection measures Measures comprising personal protective equipment as well as personal hygiene behaviours that reduce the risk of individuals transmitting and/or becoming infected with a pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential. |
|
| Environmental measures Measures targeting the physical infrastructure/environment including the human-animal interface through modifications, re-purposing and/or appropriately maintaining existing or newly set up structures to limit transmission of a pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential. |
|
| Social measures Measures at national and sub-national level comprising (i) the modification of social interactions between individuals and groups of people (including gatherings), (ii) the adaptation, cancellation and/or modified timing of services or activities, and (iii) the adaptation or restriction of movement within gathering and between specific settings and within or across national borders. |
|
| International travel and trade measures Measures following a risk-based approach to reduce the travel- and trade-associated exportation, importation and onward transmission of a pathogen with epidemic or pandemic potential across borders. |
|
* The PHSM Bibliographic Library does not store full-text articles. Instead, it provides essential bibliographic information, enabling users to explore, search, and identify relevant literature. Users can then locate, download, and utilize the full-text articles through external sources.
Search methods
Search sources
The PHSM Bibliographic Library is built and maintained through automated and manual searches across several sources, including electronic databases, preprint repositories, trial registries, and other relevant sources.
During the pilot phase, not all the sources are active. The following sources will be regularly searched when the PHSM Bibliographic Library is fully functional.
Electronic databases
- Pubmed
- EMBASE
- Epistemonikos database
- CINAHL (The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)
- PsycINFO
- LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde)
- IRIS (WHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing)
- IRIS PAHO (PAHO Institutional Repository for Information Sharing)
- IBECS (Índice Bibliográfico Español en Ciencias de la Salud)
- MDPI
- GIM (Global Index Medicus)
Preprint servers
- MedRxiv
- Social Science Research Network (SSRN)
- Researchsquare
- SSRN (via Crossref)
- SciELO Preprints (via LILACS)
- bioRxiv Pre-Print
Trial registries
- Clinicaltrials.gov
- International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN)
- EU Clinical Trials Register (EUCTR)
- Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT)
- International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal
- NIPH Clinical Trials Search (Japan) - Japan Primary Registries Network (JPRN) (JapicCTI, JMACCT CTR, jRCT, UMIN CTR)
- University hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR)
- JRCT - Japan Registry of Clinical Trials
- JAPIC Clinical Trials Information
- Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS), Republic of Korea
- ANZCTR - Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
- ReBec - Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry
- CTRI - Clinical Trials Registry - India
- RPCEC - Cuban Public Registry of Clinical Trials
- DRKS - German Clinical Trials Register
- LBCTR - Lebanese Clinical Trials Registry
- TCTR - Thai Clinical Trials Registry
- NTR - The Netherlands National Trial Register
- PACTR - Pan African Clinical Trial Registry
- REPEC - Peruvian Clinical Trial Registry
- SLCTR - Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS), European Medicines Agency
- International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Registry (ITMCTR)
- Chinese Clinical Trial Registry
Other sources
- China CDC Weekly
Search strategies
The search strategy combines terms for the ‘disease’ component and the ‘PHSM intervention’ component of the PHSM Bibliographic Library.
The ‘disease’ component includes terms to identify articles addressing infectious disease public health emergencies in general (e.g. general terms like epidemic, pandemic, outbreak), and terms to capture the individual diseases listed above.
The ‘PHSM interventions’ component includes terms to capture PHSM in general and the different categories, subcategories and individual measures included in the WHO PHSM conceptual framework. See Table 2
Figure 1. Venn diagram for the components of the PHSM Bibliographic Library.
The specific search strings to capture the different concepts are reported in Tables 3 and 4. They have been adapted to the search syntax of each source. The information is obtained from the sources using different technology solutions, such as querying available APIs, subscribing to RSS feeds, parsing .csv files posted on websites and running traditional manual searches.
The records are deduplicated and cleaned using the proprietary software of Epistemonikos Foundation. Inclusion in the repository is not restricted by study design, language or publication status.
Table 3. Diseases search strings
| Diseases - search term | Search strategy | |
|---|---|---|
| #1 | PHSM diseases | pandemi* OR PHEIC OR ((outbreak* OR epidemic* OR infectious*) AND (emergenc* OR hazard* OR threat* OR "high-threat")) |
| #2 | Lassa fever | lassa* OR LASV |
| #3 | Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever | ((crimea* OR congo*) AND (hemorrhagic* OR haemorrhagic* OR fever*)) OR CCHF* |
| #4 | Yellow fever | "yellow fever" OR "yellow jack" OR (yellow* AND fever*) |
| #5 | Chikungunya | chikung* OR CHIKV |
| #6 | Dengue fever | dengue* OR DENV* |
| #7 | Coronavirus | coronavir* OR coronovirus* OR betacoronavir* OR "beta-coronavirus" OR "beta-coronaviruses" OR "corona virus" OR "corono virus" OR hcov* OR "n-cov" OR ncov* OR sars* OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome" |
| #8 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | (((severe AND acute AND respiratory) OR SARS) AND coronavir*) OR SARSCoV OR "SARS-CoV" OR "SARS-CoV-1" |
| #9 | COVID-19 | covid* OR coronavir* OR coronovir* OR betacoronavir* OR "beta-coronavirus" OR "corona virus" OR "corono virus" OR neocoronavir* OR hcov* OR "2019-ncov" OR cv19* OR "cv-19" OR "cv 19" OR "n-cov" OR ncov* OR (wuhan* AND (virus OR viruses OR viral)) OR "cv-19" OR sars* OR sari OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome" OR antisars* OR anti-sars* OR "corona patients" OR pandemi* OR "with-covid-19" OR "with-covid" OR "anti-covid-19" |
| #10 | Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | "middle east respiratory syndrome" OR "middle-east respiratory syndrome" OR mers OR MERSCoV* OR "MERS-CoV" |
| #11 | Ebola | ebola* OR ebov* |
| #12 | Influenza | influenz* OR flu OR influenz* OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis" |
| #13 | Influenza pandemic | ((influenz* OR flu OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis") AND *pandemi*) OR ((1918* OR Spanish*) AND (influenz* OR flu OR H1N1* OR "H1 N1" OR AH1N1* OR "A H1N1")) OR "great influenza" OR ((1957* OR Asian*) AND (influenz* OR flu OR H2N2* OR "H2 N2" OR AH2N2* OR "A H2N2")) OR ((1968* OR "Hong Kong") AND (influenz* OR flu OR H3N2* OR "H3 N2" OR AH3N2* OR "A H3N2")) OR ((1977* OR Russian*) AND (influenz* OR flu OR H1N1* OR "H1 N1" OR AH1N1* OR "A H1N1")) OR ((2009* OR swine*) AND (influenz* OR flu OR H1N1* OR "H1 N1" OR AH1N1* OR "A H1N1")) |
| #14 | Seasonal influenza | seasonal* AND (influenz* OR flu OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis") |
| #15 | Animal influenza | (zoono* OR animal* OR avian* OR bird*) AND (influenz* OR flu OR "epidemic-bronchitis" OR "epidemic bronchitis") |
| #16 | Mpox (monkeypox) | mpox* OR monkeypox* OR "monkey pox" OR "smallpox-like" OR MPV OR MPXV* OR hMPXV* OR “MPX-virus” |
| #17 | Zika | zika* OR zikv* OR zkv* |
| #18 | Malaria | malari* OR plasmodi* |
| #19 | Cholera | choler* |
| #20 | Plague | plague* OR yersinia* OR pestis |
| #21 | Leptospirosis | leptospir* OR weil* OR "anti-leptospira" |
| #22 | Meningococcal meningitis | ((neisseria AND mening*) OR meningococ*) AND (meningit* OR meningoencephaliti* OR "nuchal rigidity") |
| #23 | Poliomyelitis | poliomyelitis* OR polio* |
| #24 | HIV | HIV* OR (((human AND (virus OR syndrome)) OR acquired) AND (immunodeficiency OR "immuno-deficiency" OR "immune-deficiency" OR immunedeficiency OR "immune deficiency")) OR (AIDS* AND (immunodeficiency OR "immuno-deficiency" OR "immune-deficiency" OR immunedeficiency OR "immune deficiency" OR infection OR epidemic OR pandemic OR stigma)) OR PLWHIV* OR PLHIV* OR "tb-hiv" OR tbhiv OR “AIDS-HIV” |
| #25 | Tuberculosis | tuberculosis* OR tb OR ltbi OR "r-tb" OR "anti-tuberculosis” OR MDRTB* |
| #27 | Viral hepatitis | ((virus* OR viral) AND hepatiti*) OR "hepatitis B" OR "hepatitis-B" OR "hep B" OR "hep-B" OR HBV* OR "hepatitis E" OR "hepatitis-E" OR HEV |
| #28 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 |
Table 4. PHSM search strings
| PHSM categories - search terms | Search strategy | |
|---|---|---|
| #1 | Public Health and Social Measures | phsm OR phsms OR "social measure" OR "social measures" OR ((nonpharmac* OR nondrug* OR nonmedical* OR "non-pharmacological" OR "non pharmacological" OR "non-pharmacologic" OR "non pharmacologic" OR "non-drug" OR "non drug" OR "non-medical" OR "non medical" OR "non-pharmaceutical" OR "non pharmaceutical" OR "public health" OR "emergency response" OR "emergency control" OR "outbreak response" OR "outbreak control" OR government* OR societal* OR mitigation*) AND (interventions OR approaches OR measures OR countermeasures OR strategies OR policies OR methods OR modalities OR options)) |
| #2 | Active case finding and contact identification measures | (early* OR preemptive* OR timely* OR proactive*) AND (diagnos* OR surveillance* OR identification* OR detect* OR recognition* OR screening* OR monitoring*) AND (public OR population* OR presymptomatic* OR PH OR PHSM) |
| #3 | Active case finding | (case* AND (finding* OR detection*)) OR "case-finding" OR "case-detection" |
| #4 | Contact tracing | (contact* AND (trace* OR tracing* OR track*)) OR "contact-tracing" OR "contact tracing" OR "cluster investigation" OR "case investigation" OR "cluster buster" OR "cluster detection" |
| #5 | Screening | screen* OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR checkup* OR "health control" OR inspection* OR (early* AND (detec* OR program*)) OR ((asymptomatic* OR "symptom-free" OR symptomless* OR "without symptoms" OR "non-symptomatic" OR "non symptomatic" OR presymptom* OR "pre-symptomatic") AND diagnos*) |
| #6 | Screening for symptoms | (screen* OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR checkup* OR "health control" OR inspection* OR (early* AND (detec* OR program*)) OR ((asymptomatic* OR "symptom-free" OR symptomless* OR "without symptoms" OR "without any symptoms" OR "non-symptomatic" OR "non symptomatic" OR "has no symptoms" OR presymptom* OR "pre-symptomatic") AND diagnos*)) AND (symptom* OR complain*) |
| #7 | Case specific measures | containment* AND (area* OR community*) |
| #8 | Isolation | isolation* OR confinement* |
| #9 | Contact specific measures | containment* AND (area* OR community*) |
| #10 | Quarantine | quarantin* |
| #11 | Personal protection measures | (individual OR personal OR protective* OR selfprotection* OR "self-protection" OR "self protection" OR selfcare* OR "self-care" OR "self care") AND (measures OR practices OR strategies OR precautions OR protection OR preparations) |
| #12 | Personal hygiene measures | personal* AND (hygiene* OR wash* OR clean*) |
| #13 | Food safety measures | (food* AND (safe* OR contaminat* OR hygien* OR poisoning*)) AND (handl* OR worker* OR cater* OR preparer* OR personnel*) |
| #14 | Hand hygiene | (hand* AND (hygien* OR wash* OR rub* OR scrub*)) OR handwash* OR "hand-washing" OR handrub* OR "hand-hygiene" |
| #15 | Respiratory etiquette | ((cough* OR respiratory*) AND etiquette*) OR ((cough* OR sneeze*) AND cover*) OR (dispos* AND tissues) |
| #16 | Safe handling of personal equipment and supplies | (dispos* OR chang* OR wash* OR disinfect*) AND (clothe* OR clothi* OR sheet* OR bedding*) |
| #17 | Safe breastfeeding practices | (breast* AND (feed* OR fed)) OR "breast-feeding" OR "breast feeding" OR breastfed* OR lactati* |
| #18 | Personal protective equipment | (personal* AND protect* AND equipment*) OR PPE |
| #19 | Barriers for safer sex | (use OR user* OR usage OR wear* OR utiliz* OR utilis* OR applicat*) AND (((barrier* OR device*) AND sex*) OR condom* OR (cervical* AND cap*) OR (contracept* AND sponge*) OR (diaphragm* AND contracept*)) |
| #20 | Bed nets | bednet* OR (bed AND net*) OR ((net* OR curtain*) AND (mosquit* OR "anti-mosquito" OR aedes* OR antimalarial* OR malaria* OR "vector control")) |
| #21 | Face shields | face* AND shield* |
| #22 | Gloves | glov* |
| #23 | Long/protective clothing | ((body* OR "full-body" OR "one-piece") OR ((personal* AND protect* AND equipment*) OR PPE OR gown* OR suit* OR cloth* OR sleeve* OR coat* OR hood*)) OR coverall* OR bodysuit* OR Tyvek* OR Hazmat* |
| #24 | Masks | (facemask* OR "face-mask" OR "face-masks" OR "face-masking" OR respirator* OR "facial piece" OR FFR* OR mask* OR facemask* OR "face-mask" OR "face-masks" OR "face-masking" OR ((facial* OR face*) AND mask*) OR (filter* AND (facepiece* OR mask*)) OR "facial piece" OR FFR*) OR ((handcraft* OR "hand-craft" OR "hand craft" OR "hand-crafted" OR "hand crafted" OR handmade* OR "hand-made" OR "hand made" OR cloth* OR cotton* OR "non medical" OR "non-medical" OR (neck* AND gaiter*)) AND (facemask* OR mask*)) OR (N95* OR N99* OR KN95* OR "KN-95" OR "KN 95" OR FFP2* OR "FFP-2" OR "FFP 2" OR KF94* OR "KF-94" OR "KF 94" OR FFP3* OR "FFP-3" OR "FFP 3" OR kn99* OR "kn-99" OR "kn 99" OR N100* OR "N-100" OR "N 100" OR FFP4* OR FFP4* OR "FFP-4" OR "FFP 4" OR KN100* OR "KN-100" OR "KN 100" OR (("N-95" OR "N 95" OR "n-99" OR "n 99" OR P2*) AND (facemask* OR mask*))) |
| #25 | Repellents | repel* AND ((insect* OR mosquit* OR spray* OR topic* OR lotion* OR gel OR gels OR soap* OR cream* OR "roll-on" OR rollon*)) |
| #26 | Environmental measures | (environment* AND (measures OR practices OR strategies OR precautions OR protection OR preparations OR sanitation OR hygien*)) |
| #27 | Animal-human interface | ((animal* OR wildlife*) AND human*) OR "human-animal" OR "animal-human" OR "animal-to-human" OR "human-wildlife" OR "wildlife-human" OR "wildlife-to-human" |
| #28 | Culling | (culling* OR "herd reduction" OR ((animal* OR poultr* OR livestock*) AND removal*)) |
| #29 | Livestock isolation | (animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal*) OR poultry* OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird*)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR "meat bird" OR "meat birds") AND (quarantin* OR isolation* OR lockdown* OR confine* OR containment*) |
| #30 | Livestock quarantine | (animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal*) OR poultry* OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird*)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR "meat bird" OR "meat birds") AND (quarantin* OR isolation* OR lockdown* OR confine* OR containment*) |
| #31 | Regulation of animal movement and products | (travel* OR movement* OR mobility*) AND (restriction* OR ban* OR control) AND (animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal*) OR poultry* OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird*)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR meat) |
| #32 | Restriction of farming, fishing, hunting and/or selling of animals | (restriction* OR ban OR regulation*) AND ((farming* OR fishing* OR hunting*) OR ((selling* OR trade) AND animal*)) |
| #33 | Safe handling of carrion and infected livestock/animals | (biosecurit* OR handl* OR manag* OR policy* OR policies*) AND (((infected OR dead OR cadaver* OR corpse* OR carcass* OR mortem* OR mortu* OR postmort* OR "post-mortem") AND (animal* OR cow* OR calves* OR cattle* OR livestock* OR "food animals" OR "production animals" OR (farm* AND animal*) OR poultry* OR aviculture* OR "avian production" OR (farm* AND (avian* OR bird*)) OR "food bird" OR "food birds" OR "meat bird" OR "meat birds")) OR carrion OR slaughter*) |
| #34 | Indoor air quality | ((air OR ventilation*) AND (quality* OR purif* OR filt* OR clean* OR ioni* OR saniti* OR humidifi* OR moisturi*)) AND (indoor* OR home* OR classroom* OR residential* OR room* OR portable*) |
| #35 | Air filtering | (air* AND (filter* OR filtrat*) OR HEPA OR (("high-efficiency" OR "high efficiency") AND particulate* AND filter*) |
| #36 | Humidity control | humidifier* OR (air* AND (humidif* OR moisturi*)) |
| #37 | Ventilation | ((air OR ventilation*) AND (quality* OR purif* OR filt* OR clean* OR ioni* OR saniti* OR humidifi* OR moisturi*)) AND (indoor* OR home* OR classroom* OR residential* OR room* OR portable*) |
| #38 | Physical infrastructure | (physical* OR infrastructure*) AND barrier* |
| #39 | Physical barriers | plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR (window* AND screens) OR "window screen" OR (door* AND screens)) OR "door screen" OR ((barrier* OR separation*) AND physical*) OR (sneeze AND guard*) OR sneezeguard* OR "cough shield" OR "cough shields" OR (room* AND divider*) |
| #40 | Surface cleaning | (objects OR inanimate* OR surface* OR facility OR facilities* OR fomit*) AND (sanitiz* OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*) |
| #41 | Safe handling of equipment and supplies | (sanitiz* OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*) AND equipment* |
| #42 | Surface decontamination | (objects OR inanimate* OR surface* OR facility OR facilities* OR fomit*) AND (sanitiz* OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*) |
| #43 | Surface disinfection | (objects OR inanimate* OR surface* OR facility OR facilities*) AND (sanitiz* OR sanitis* OR disinfect* OR decontamina* OR spray* OR cleaning* OR sanitary*) |
| #44 | Vector control | vector* AND ( control OR measure* OR manage*) |
| #45 | Building/housing modification | ((home* OR hous*) AND (modification* OR improvement*)) OR plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR (window* AND (plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR screens)) OR "window screen" OR (door* AND (plexiglass* OR fiberglass* OR screens)) OR "door screen" OR (eave* AND clos*) |
| #46 | Reservoir control | (reservoir* AND control*) OR "source reduction" OR ((standing* OR stagna*) AND water* AND (drain* OR remov* OR eliminat* OR manage* OR dispos*)) OR ((lid* OR seal* OR cover* OR protect* OR enclos* OR clos* OR secur*) AND water* AND container*) |
| #47 | Spraying | (insecticide* AND (application* OR spraying*)) OR (residual* AND spray*) OR ((outdoor* OR space*) AND spray*) OR (larvicid* AND (apply* OR applicat* OR spray*)) OR larviciding* OR "larval control" OR "larvae control" |
| #48 | Water and sanitation safety | (WASH OR water*) AND (safe OR hygien* OR sanit* OR safe OR clean OR improv* OR recycl*) |
| #49 | Disinfection of safe drinking water | ((disinfect* OR purificat* OR decontaminat* OR sterilizat* OR sterilisat* OR sanitisat* OR sanitizat* OR chlorin* OR treat* OR filtrat*) AND ("drinking water" OR (potable* AND water*))) OR "water treatment" OR chlorination* OR "improve water quality" OR potabili* |
| #50 | Modification of access to safe drinking water | ((potable* AND water*) OR "drinking water" OR "safe water" OR "treated water") AND (collection OR procur* OR access* OR conservation*) |
| #51 | Solid waste management | ((waste* OR thrash*) AND (disposal* OR manage*)) OR ((waste* OR thrash* OR disposal*) AND (facilities OR facility OR plant* OR center* OR centre* OR site* OR station* OR repositor*)) OR landfill* OR "waste-to-energy" OR incinerat* OR dumpsite* |
| #52 | Wastewater management | (wastewater* OR "waste-water" OR sewage* OR ((effluent* OR reclamat* OR wast*) AND water*)) AND (manage* OR decontaminat* OR sanit* OR treat*) |
| #53 | Social measures | ((social OR physical) AND (distanc* OR proximity*)) OR (movement* AND restriction*) OR "social contact" |
| #54 | Domestic mobility | mobility* AND (restriction* OR phsm OR phsms OR "social measure" OR "social measures" OR nonpharmac* OR nondrug* OR nonmedical* OR "non-pharmacological" OR "non pharmacological" OR "non-pharmacologic" OR "non pharmacologic" OR "non-drug" OR "non drug" OR "non-medical" OR "non medical" OR "non-pharmaceutical" OR "non pharmaceutical" OR "public health" OR "emergency response" OR "emergency control" OR "outbreak response" OR "outbreak control" OR government* OR societal* OR mitigation*) AND (interventions OR approaches OR measures OR countermeasures OR strategies OR policies OR methods OR modalities OR options) |
| #55 | Entry restrictions | entry* AND domestic* AND (restriction* OR closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit*) |
| #56 | Exit restrictions | exit* AND domestic* AND (restriction* OR closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit*) |
| #57 | Restrictions of movement | ((internal* OR domestic* OR local OR communit*) AND (travel* OR movement* OR mobility*) AND (restriction*OR ban* OR control)) OR (cordon* AND sanita*) |
| #58 | Restrictions of public transport services | transport* AND (closure* OR closing* OR cancel* OR suspension* OR suspending OR ban OR banning OR "operation modification") |
| #59 | Stay-at-home order/curfew/movement restrictions | (shield* AND vulnerable) OR shielding* OR cocooning* OR confinement* OR lockdown* OR "lock‐down" OR shelter* OR "stay at home" OR "stay-at-home" OR "mass quarantine" OR curfew* |
| #60 | Modifications to activities and services | ((educational* AND (facilit* OR institution*)) OR school* OR "high-school" OR "high-schools" OR "k-12" OR "k12" OR k12* OR universit* OR preschool* OR workplace* OR business OR industry OR enterprise OR company OR outlet* OR store* OR shop* OR business* OR ((food* OR beverage*) AND (facilit* OR venue*)) OR restaurant* OR bar OR bars OR pub OR pubs OR cafes OR nightclub*) AND (closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR "operation modification" OR opening*) |
| #61 | Modification to access | (closure* OR shut* OR closing*) AND (establishment* OR institutional* OR organization* OR organisation* OR entit* OR premise* OR facility* OR facilities* OR venue* OR space* OR service*) |
| #62 | Modification to types of activities | (digital* AND remote*) OR tele* OR videoconf* OR (video* AND conferenc*) OR remote* OR (distance* AND manage*) OR "internet-delivered" OR teleeducation* OR "tele-education" OR "tele education" OR ((education* OR training* OR teach* OR studying OR learn* OR classroom*) AND (remote* OR home* OR online OR virtual* OR distance* OR distant* OR internet* OR videoconf*)) OR telework* OR "tele-work" OR "tele-work" OR ((work* OR offic*) AND (remote* OR home* OR online OR virtual OR distance OR distant OR internet OR videoconf*)) |
| #63 | Safe burial | cadaver* OR corpse* OR carcass* OR mortem* OR mortu* OR postmort* OR "post-mortem" OR cremat* OR tomb OR tombs OR buri* OR bury* OR entomb* OR sepultur* OR forens* OR autops* OR ((body* OR bodies* OR dead) AND (dispos* OR handl* OR deceased* OR (pass* AND away))) OR (human AND remains) |
| #64 | Social interactions and gatherings modifications | (social AND (interaction* OR distance*)) OR (gathering* AND (modific* OR restrict*)) |
| #65 | Physical distancing | gesture* OR "hand-shake" OR handshak* OR ((keep* OR maintain*) AND (meter OR metre* OR meters OR foot OR feet OR "two-meter" OR "two-metre" OR "2-meter" OR "2-metre" OR "six-foot" OR "6-foot" OR "6 foot")) OR "physical distancing" OR "physical contact" |
| #66 | Restrictions of private gatherings /mass gatherings | private* AND gather* |
| #67 | Restrictions of public gatherings/mass gatherings | crowd* OR gathering* OR restaurant* OR movie* OR cinema* OR theat* OR shopping* OR mall OR club* OR temple* OR church* OR mosque* OR synagogue* OR (sport* AND (center* OR centre* OR events OR event)) OR ((restrict* OR ban OR cancel*) AND (mass* OR public* OR religio*) AND (event OR events)) OR "mass events" OR "mass event" OR "public event" |
| #68 | International travel and trade measures | (((maritime* OR sea) AND port*) OR (land AND border*) OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR (air AND (travel* AND passenger*)) OR ((sea OR marine* OR water* OR ocean*) AND (transport* OR travel* OR crossing*)) OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR flight* OR airline* OR ship OR ships OR cruis* OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries* OR migra* OR repatriation* OR immigra* OR emigrat* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR airplane* OR seaport* OR harbor* OR "shipping vessels" OR ferrie* OR cruise* OR ship* OR border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR flight* OR airline* OR ship OR ships OR cruis* OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries* OR (human* AND mobility*) OR trade OR trading OR export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export" OR import*) AND (ban OR bans OR bann* OR restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR policy OR policies OR barrier* OR intervention* OR measure* OR program* OR strategies* OR strategy* OR embargo*) |
| #69 | Trade measures for exported goods | (export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND (ban OR bans OR bann* OR restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR policy OR policies OR barrier* OR intervention* OR measure* OR program* OR strategies* OR strategy* OR embargo*) |
| #70 | Export ban | (export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND ( ban OR bans OR bann* OR embargo*) |
| #71 | Export inspection | (export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND inspect* |
| #72 | Export restriction | (export* OR shipment* OR "pre-shipment" OR "pre-export") AND (restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR barrier*) |
| #73 | Trade measures for imported goods | import* AND (ban OR bans OR bann* OR restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR policy OR policies OR barrier* OR intervention* OR measure* OR program* OR strategies* OR strategy* OR embargo*) |
| #74 | Import ban | import* AND ( ban OR bans OR bann* OR embargo*) |
| #75 | Import inspection | import* AND inspect* |
| #76 | Import restrictions | import* AND (restrict* OR control OR regulat* OR barrier*) |
| #77 | Travel related screening/testing | ("point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR travel* OR entry* OR exit* OR airport* OR port* OR harbor* OR landborder* OR border* OR "ground crossings") AND (screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection*) |
| #78 | Exit/entry screening for symptoms | ("point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR travel* OR entry* OR exit* OR airport* OR port* OR harbor* OR landborder* OR border* OR "ground crossings") AND (screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection*) AND (symptom* OR complain*) |
| #79 | Exit/entry screening for travel/contact history | ("point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR travel* OR entry* OR exit* OR airport* OR port* OR harbor* OR landborder* OR border* OR "ground crossings") AND ((screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection*) AND (symptom* OR complain*) AND ((travel* AND history*) OR contact* OR carrier* OR household* OR famil* OR "close-contact")) |
| #80 | Exit/entry screening for vaccination/immunity | ((human* AND mobility*) OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR (air AND travel* AND passenger*) OR flight* OR airline* OR ((sea OR marine* OR water* OR ocean*) AND (transport* OR travel* OR crossing*)) OR ship OR ships OR cruis* OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries*) AND (screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection*) AND (vaccin* OR immunization* OR immunisation* OR reactogenic*) |
| #81 | Exit/entry testing for infection | ((human* AND mobility*) OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR (air AND travel* AND passenger*) OR flight* OR airline* OR ((sea OR marine* OR water* OR ocean*) AND (transport* OR travel* OR crossing*)) OR ship OR ships OR cruis* OR watercraft* OR boat* OR ferry* OR ferries*) AND (screen* OR supervision* OR control OR testing OR checkup* OR "check-up" OR inspection*) AND (febrile* OR fever* OR infect*) |
| #82 | Border measures | (border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR restriction* OR ban* OR control) |
| #83 | Ban on entry | (border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit*) AND (entry OR inbound* OR returning* OR repatriat* OR incoming* OR "re-entrant" OR onward* OR "non-visa" OR nonvisa*) |
| #84 | Ban on exit | (border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (closure* OR closing* OR closed* OR lockdown* OR shut OR ban OR bans OR bann* OR prohibit*) AND (exit OR exits OR outbound* OR outward*) |
| #85 | Border entry restrictions | (border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (restrict* OR limiting*) AND (entry OR inbound* OR returning* OR repatriat* OR incoming* OR "re-entrant" OR onward* OR "non-visa" OR nonvisa*) |
| #86 | Exit restrictions | (border OR borders OR "cross-border" OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings") AND (restrict* OR limiting*) AND (exit OR exits OR outbound* OR outward*) |
| #87 | Upon arrival quarantine | (quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin*) AND (entry* OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport* OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port*)) |
| #88 | Home quarantine | (quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin*) AND (entry* OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR inbound* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport* OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port*)) AND (domestic* OR household* OR home* OR "at-home" OR domiciliary* OR house*) |
| #89 | Hotel / non-healthcare facility / institutional quarantine | (quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin*) AND (entry* OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR inbound* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport* OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port*)) AND (lodging* OR accomodation* OR hotel* OR hostel* OR motel* OR guest* OR overnight* OR "hospitality residence" OR "hospitality residences" OR "non-healthcare" OR nonhealthcare* OR institutional*) |
| #90 | Healthcare facility quarantine | (quarantin* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR containment* OR isolation* OR confinement* OR quarantin*) AND (entry* OR arrival* OR "upon-arrival" OR postarrival* OR "post-arrival" OR "post-travel" OR posttravel* OR oversea* OR travel* OR touris* OR transport* OR "point-of-entry" OR "point of entry" OR port OR ports OR border* OR airport* OR (land AND border*) OR landborder* OR "land-border" OR "land-borders" OR (ground* AND crossing*) OR "ground-crossing" OR "ground-crossings" OR seaport* OR harbor* OR ((maritime* OR sea) AND port*)) AND ((health* AND (facility* OR facilities*)) OR inpatient* OR hospital*) |
| #91 | Travel advice/warning | (travel* OR pretravel* OR "pre-travel" OR foreign* OR abroad*) AND (advic* OR counsel* OR (motivat* AND (interview* OR counsel* OR therap* OR consult* OR intervention* OR enhance*))) |
| #92 | Travel advice | (travel* OR pretravel* OR "pre-travel" OR foreign* OR abroad*) AND (advic* OR counsel*) |
| #93 | Travel warning | (travel* OR pretravel* OR "pre-travel" OR foreign* OR abroad*) AND warn* |
| #94 | #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20 OR #21 OR #22 OR #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 OR #38 OR #39 OR #40 OR #41 OR #42 OR #43 OR #44 OR #45 OR #46 OR #47 OR #48 OR #49 OR #50 OR #51 OR #52 OR #53 OR #54 OR #55 OR #56 OR #57 OR #58 OR #59 OR #60 OR #61 OR #62 OR #63 OR #64 OR #65 OR #66 OR #67 OR #68 OR #69 OR #70 OR #71 OR #72 OR #73 OR #74 OR #75 OR #76 OR #77 OR #78 OR #79 OR #80 OR #81 OR #82 OR #83 OR #84 OR #85 OR #86 OR #87 OR #88 OR #89 OR #90 OR #91 OR #92 OR #93 |
Classification process
Automated classification
All articles obtained through electronic searches undergo assessment by automated classifiers and other technologies developed by the Epistemonikos Foundation within the Sustainable Knowledge Platform, tailored to the unique characteristics of the PHSM Bibliographic Library. These technologies encompass artificial intelligence, heuristic classifiers, the reuse of information from studies incorporated into systematic reviews in the Epistemonikos Database, and the utilization of information contributed by users on the Sustainable Knowledge platform, among other approaches.
Human validation
The articles included or excluded automatically may undergo validation by the WHO PHSM team, members of the Epistemonikos Foundation, teams conducting Living Systematic Reviews, and other collaborators at some point. Nonetheless, a considerable portion of articles may not undergo human validation, and users of the PHSM Bibliographic Library should be mindful of this aspect.